D. philosophical distance.
4. Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3)?
A. Strip of land
B. Distance
C. Society
D. Community
5. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that
A. social distance is not always needed.
B. there is no social distance among small children.
C. humans are different from animals in social distance.
D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.
Some Things We Know about Language
Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know.
First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language.
Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language. There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.
This has not always been well understood; indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated. Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.
Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.
1. In the second paragraph the author thinks that
A. some backward race doesn't have a language of its own.
B. some race in history didn't possess a language of its own.
C. any human race, whether backward or not, has a language.
D. some races on earth can communicate without language.
2. According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have ___________ language.
A. complicated
B. uncivilized
C. primitive
D. well-known
3. The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they are
A. just as old as some well-known languages.
B. just as advanced as some well-known languages.
C. more developed than some well-known languages.
D. more complex than some well-known languages.
4. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
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